74 Scoping Review of Anti-Racism Programs and Practices Within Higher Education: Institutional Accountability and the Promises of Equity, Diversity, and Inclusion

Faculty Mentor: Tiffany Baffour (Social Work, University of Utah)

The concept of anti-racism training in higher education is relatively new in the United States and Canada. Despite the term anti-racism appearing as early as 1970, anti-racism training focused on systemic factors to dismantle racism and oppression did not emerge until the early 2000s. Higher education institutions have gradually incorporated anti-racism training in response to larger social movements (Williams & Wade-Golden, 2009). However, Black, Indigenous and People of Color (BIPOC) student and faculty continue to experience significant barriers to well-being due to systemic racism. First, hate violence and racial trauma caused by these experiences negatively impact BIPOC students and faculty (Irwin et al., 2022). Secondly, the needs of today’s BIPOC students and faculty, who are more likely than their white peers to experience poverty, housing, and food security, and who often experience inequalities in work demands, are not met (Diamond & Stebleton, 2017; Cukier et al., 2021). Additionally, there has been little progress in the development of anti-racist practices that facilitate improved organizational outcomes. These factors demonstrate a critical need for evidence-informed organizational strategies that higher education systems can utilize to develop competencies to accelerate racial equity to improve institutional outcomes. This study looks at data from American and Canadian universities (N=166) within the National Association of Diversity Officers in Higher Education (NADOHE) to determine a count of annual reports (2019-2020 or 2021-2022) and if there was a research methodology utilized.

Key words: Equity, Diversity and Inclusion, Anti-Racism Organizational Strategies and Accountability, Evidence-based Anti-Racism Practice, Racial Justice, Higher Education.

Bibliography

Arksey H, O’Malley L. Scoping Studies: Towards a Methodological Framework. International
Journal of Social Research Methodology.2005;8:19-32. https://doi.org/10.1080/1364557032000119616.

Braun V, Clarke V. (2006) Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology. 2006; 3(2):77-101.

Chambers L, Jackson R, Worthington C, Wilson C, Tharao W, Greenspan N et al. Decolonizing Scoping Review Methodologies for Literature With, for, and by Indigenous Peoples and the African Diaspora: Dialoguing With the Tensions. Qualitative Health Research. 2017;28(2):175-188.

Constance-Huggins M. Critical Race Theory in Social Work Education. Critical Social Work. 2019;13(2). https://doi.org/10.22329/csw.v13i2.58614.

Corbett J. Teaching approaches which support inclusive education: A connective pedagogy. British Journal of Special Education. 2001 Jun;28(2):55-9.

Cukier W, Adamu P, Wall-Andrews C, Elmi M. Racialized leaders leading Canadian universities. Educational Management Administration & Leadership. 2021;49(4):565-583.

Davis LG, Madsen DB, Becerra-Valdivia L, Higham T, Sisson DA, Skinner SM, Stueber D, Nyers AJ, Keen-Zebert A, Neudorf C, Cheyney M. Late Upper Paleolithic occupation Cooper’s Ferry, Idaho, USA,~ 16,000 years ago. Science. 2019 Aug 30;365(6456):891-7.

Dei GJ, Calliste A. Introduction: Mapping the terrain: Power, knowledge and anti- racism education. In: Dei GJ & Calliste A, editors. Power, knowledge and anti-racism: A critical reader. Halifax, NS: Fernwood Publishing; 2000. p. 11-20.

Diamond KK, Stebleton MJ. Do you understand what it means to be hungry? Food insecurity on campus and the role of higher education professionals. The Mentor: Innovative Scholarship on Academic Advising. 2017;19.

DiAngelo RJ, Allen, D. My feelings are not about you: Personal experience as a move of whiteness. InterActions: UCLA Journal of Education and Information Studies. 2006;2(2).

DiAngelo R, Sensoy Ö. Calling in: Strategies for cultivating humility and critical thinking in antiracism education. Understanding and Dismantling Privilege. 2014;4(2): 190-203.

An Indigenous Peoples’ History of the United States. By Roxanne Dunbar-Ortiz. Journal of
American History. 2014;103(2):448-449.

Finkelstein S, Sharma U, Furlonger B. The inclusive practices of classroom teachers: a scoping review and thematic analysis. International Journal of Inclusive Education. 2021;25(6):735-762.

Hassen N, Lofters A, Michael S, Mall A, Pinto AD, Rackal J. Implementing anti-racism interventions in healthcare settings: A scoping review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021;18(6):2993. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18062993.

Henry F, Tator C. Racism in the Canadian university. Toronto: University of Toronto Press; 2009.

Hunt S, Riegelman, A. Conducting Research Through an Anti-racism Lens. 2022. https://libguides.umn.edu/antiracismlens.

Institute of Education Sciences. Indicators of school crime and safety. U.S. Dept. of Education, Office of Educational Research and Improvement, National Center for Education Statistics; 1998. https://nces.ed.gov/pubs2018/2018036.pdf.

Kendi, AX. How to be an anti-racist. 1st ed. One World; 2019 5(1):1-9.

Libassi C. The neglected college race gap: Racial disparities among colleges completers. In Policy File. Center for America Progress. 2018. CollegeCompletionsHispanicBlack.pdf (vt.edu).

McGowan J, Sampson M, Salzwedel D, Cogo E, Foerster V, Lefebvre C. (2016). PRESS Peer Review of electronic Search Strategies: 2015 Guideline Statement. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology. 2016;75:40-46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinepi.2016.01.021.

Munn Z, Peters MDJ, Stern C, Tufanaru C, McArthur A, Aromataris E. Systematic review or scoping review? Guidance for authors when choosing between a systematic or scoping review approach. BMC Medical Research Methodology. 2018;18(1):143–143. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12874-018-0611-x

Munn Z, Peters MDJ, Stern C, Tufanaru C, McArthur A, Aromataris E. Systematic review or scoping review? Guidance for authors when choosing between a systematic or scoping review approach. BMC medical research methodology. 2018;18(1):143. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12874-018-0611-x

National Association of Diversity Officers in Higher Education. A framework for advancing anti-racism strategy on campus. 2021. https://nadohe.memberclicks.net/assets/2021/Framework/National%20Association%20of%20Di versity%20Officers%20in%20Higher%20Education%20- %20Framework%20for%20Advancing%20Ant-Racism%20on%20Campus%20- %20first%20edition.pdf

Oliver S. Marking research more useful: Integrating different perspectives and different methods. In: Oliver S, Peersman G, editors. Using research for effective health promotion. Buckingham Open University Press; 2001.

Palmer H. Mosaic versus Melting Pot: Immigration and Ethnicity in Canada and the United States. International Journal. 1976;31(3):488-528.

Peters MDJ, Godfrey C, McInerney P, Munn Z, Tricco AC, Khalil, H. Chapter 11: Scoping Reviews (2020 version). In: Aromataris E, Munn Z (Editors). JBI Manual for Evidence Synthesis, JBI, 2020. Available from https://synthesismanual.jbi.global. https://doi.org/10.46658/JBIMES-20-12

Pon G. Cultural Competency as New Racism: An Ontology of Forgetting. Journal of Progressive Human Services. 2009;20(1):59-71. https//doi.org/10.1080/10428230902871173

Ritchie J, Spencer L. Qualitative data analysis for applied policy research. Routledge; 2002.

Rowson B, Duma, SM, King MR, Efimov I, Saterbak A, Chesler, NC. (2021). Citation diversity statement in BMES journals. Annals of biomedical engineering. 2021;49(3):947-949.

Rucks-Ahidiana Z. The inequities of the tenure-track system. Inside Higher Ed. 2019:1.

Scott T, Hain D, Pryor L. Impact of structural racism on kidney health: A scoping review. Nephrology Nursing Journal: Journal of the American Nephrology Nurses’ Association. 2021;48(5):463–479. https://doi.org/10.37526/1526-744X.2021.48.5.463

Snyder TD, de Brey C, Dillow SA. (2018) Total Fall Enrollment in Degree-Granting Postsecondary Institutions, by Level and Control of Institution and Race/Ethnicity of Student: Selected Years, 1976 Through 2015.” Table 306.20 in Digest of Education Statistics 2016, 52nd ed., NCES 2017-094. Washington: U.S. Department of Education. National Center for Education Statistics.

Southern Poverty Law Center. Hate Crimes, Explained. 2021. https://www.splcenter.org/hate-crimes-explained?gclid=CjwKCAiAKsyNBhAPEiwA1D Bk7AM9wgTB63OobxV9SVzB11gSVKF1QPk0k6k1PKUUqxCsf1KxoCEcAQQAvD BwE.

Stentiford L, Koutsouris G. What are inclusive pedagogies in higher education? A systematic scoping review. Studies in Higher Education. 2021;46(11):2245-2261.

Tricco AC, Lillie, E, Zarin W, O’Brien KK, Colquhoun H, Levac D, et al. PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR): Checklist and Explanation. Annals of internal medicine. 2018;169(7):467–473. https://doi.org/10.7326/M18-0850

Vaismoradi M, Jones J, Turunen H, Snelgrove S. (2016). Theme Development in QualitativeContent Analysis and Thematic Analysis. Journal of Nursing Education and Practice. 2016;6:100-110. https://doi.org/10.5430/jnep.v6n5p100

Van Sant L, Milligan R, Mollett S. Political ecologies of race: Settler colonialism and environmental racism in the United States and Canada. Antipode. 2021 May;53(3):629-42.

Walters R, Smith R. The Black Education Strategy in the 1970s. The Journal of Negro Education. 1979;48(2):156–170. https://doi.org/10.2307/2294762.

Zurn P, Bassett DS, Rust, NC. The citation diversity statement: a practice of
transparency, a way of life. Trends in Cognitive Sciences. 2020;24(9):669-672.