Unit 5 Word List
Word | Definition |
---|---|
abduction | moving a limb or body part away from the midline |
achondroplasia | failure in the development of cartilage (a type of dwarfism) |
adactyly | absence of the fingers |
adduction | moving a limb or body part toward the midline |
agonist | the "prime mover": the muscle primarily responsible for the movement being studied |
amphiarthrotic | slightly moveable joint |
analgesic | drug that reduces pain |
ankylosing | causing to be stiff |
ankylosis | a disease that makes bones or joints stiff |
antagonist | a muscle that opposes the action of the agonist |
antiarthritic | drug that reduces the symptoms of arthritis |
anti-inflammatory | drug that reduces inflammation |
antipyretic | drug that reduces fever |
apophysis | outgrowth or protuberance on a bone |
appendicular | part of the skeleton that is attached to the axial skeleton (i.e. the upper and lower extremities) |
arthralgia | pain in the joints |
arthrectomy | surgical removal of a joint |
arthrocentesis | puncture of a joint to remove fluid |
arthroscope | device for examining the inside of a joint |
arthrodesis | disease process binding a joint together |
arthrodynia | pain in the joints |
arthrodysplasia | bad formation of a joint |
arthrogram | picture of a joint |
arthrography | process for visualizing a joint |
arthropathy | disease in a joint |
arthroplasty | surgical modification of a joint |
arthroscopic | pertaining to examination of a joint using an arthroscope |
arthrotomy | cutting into a joint |
articular | having to do with joints |
ataxia | inability to walk |
atrophy | failure to develop, or loss of a structure, due to lack of nourishment |
axial | pertaining to the center of the body (cf. appendicular) |
bradykinesia | slow movement |
bursa | "purse"; a bag of synovial fluid that cushions a ligament or tendon that would otherwise rub against a bone |
bursectomy | surgical removal of a bursa |
bursitis | inflammation of a bursa |
bursotomy | cutting into a bursa |
carpal | pertaining to the wrist bones |
carpectomy | surgical removal of a wrist bone |
carpitis | inflammation of a wrist bone |
cervical | pertaining to the neck |
cervicitis | inflammation of the neck |
cervicodynia | pain in the neck |
chondritis | inflammation of the cartilage |
chondrodynia | pain in the cartilage |
chondroma | tumor in the cartilage |
chondromalacia | softening of the cartilage |
chondroplasty | surgical modification of cartilage |
circumduction | movement in a circle around a joint |
condyle | knob on a bone |
costal | pertaining to a rib |
costalgia | pain in a rib |
costectomy | surgical removal of a rib |
costochondritis | inflammation of the rib and associated cartilage |
craniectomy | surgical removal of a piece of the skull |
craniomalacia | softening of the skull |
craniometer | device for measuring the skull |
craniosynostosis | disease where the skull bones of a child fuse too soon after birth |
craniotomy | cutting into the skull |
crepitation | crackling noise in the joints |
dactylalgia | pain in the fingers |
dactylitis | inflammation of the fingers |
diaphysis | the shaft of a long bone |
diarthrotic | freely moveable joint |
dyskinesia | trouble with movement |
dysplasia | malformation of a structure |
dystaxia | trouble with walking |
dystonia | trouble with muscle tone (strength) |
eccentric | force applied to a muscle as it is getting longer |
effusion | the process of fluid leaking out of a structure |
electromyogram | record of the electrical activity of a muscle |
electromyography | obtaining a record of the electrical activity of a muscle |
endochondral | occurring inside of cartilage (refers to a type of bone development) |
endomysium | the innermost connective tissue sheath of a muscle |
epimysium | the outermost connective tissue sheath of a muscle |
epiphysis | the ends of a long bone (distal epiphysis or proximal epiphysis) |
epicondyle | a bump next to a knob on a bone |
exostosis | abnormal bone growth in the small ear bones (ossicles) |
extension | increasing the angle of a joint |
facet | a flattish surface on a bone where a joint articulates (it is supposedly similar to the flat surface of a cut jewel) |
fascia | band of connective tissue |
fasciectomy | removal of a fascia |
fasciitis | inflammation of a fascia |
fascioplasty | surgical modification of fascia |
fasciorrhaphy | surgical repair of a fascia |
fasciotomy | cutting into a fascia |
femoral | pertaining to the thigh |
fissure | a deep crack |
fixation | locking into place |
flexion | reducing the angle of a joint |
foramen | hole in a bone |
fossa | shallow groove in a bone |
fracture | breaking a bone |
genu | knee |
glenoid | the socket of the shoulder joint |
gomphosis | the joint between a tooth and the jaw |
graphospasm | writer's cramp |
hallux | the big toe |
hemarthrosis | blood in a joint |
hematopoiesis | the process of blood cell formation in the bone marrow |
hydrarthrosis | water (excess fluid) in a joint |
hypercalcemia | abnormally high calcium in the blood |
hyperextension | abnormal or excessive increase in the angle of a joint |
hyperkinesia | abnormally high movement |
hypertonia | abnormally high muscle tone (strength) |
hypertrophy | abnormal growth of tissue |
hypocalcemia | abnormally low calcium in the blood |
hypokinesia | abnormally low movement |
hypophyseal | pertaining to the tissue underneath the brain (i.e. the pituitary gland) |
hypophysis | the pituitary gland |
hypotonia | abnormally low muscle tone (strength) |
infraspinatus | a muscle or space below the spine of the scapula |
intercostal | between the ribs |
interosseous | band of connective tissue between the radius and ulna or between the tibia and fibula |
intramembranous | occurring within a membrane (refers to a type of bone development) |
isometric | force applied to a muscle without a change in muscle length |
kinesiology | the study of movement |
kinetic | pertaining to motion |
kyphosis | "hunchback": a bend in the spine that results in a visible bump in the upper back |
lacrimal | pertaining to crying or tears |
lamella | thin plate |
lordosis | "swayback": a bend in the spine that results in a pronounced hollow space above the buttocks |
lumbar | lower back |
lumbodynia | pain in the lower back |
meatus | tube or passage |
medullary | pertaining to the center of a multilayered organ (in this case, the bone marrow) |
metacarpal | the bones between the wrist and fingers |
metacarpectomy | surgical removal of a metacarpal |
metaphysis | transition between the end and the shaft of a long bone |
metatarsalgia | pain in the bones between the ankle and toes |
metatarsals | the bones between the ankle and toes |
musculoskeletal | pertaining to the muscles and bones |
myalgia | pain in the muscles |
myasthenia | disease of muscle weakness |
myectomy | surgical removal of a muscle |
myoclonus | involuntary muscle twitch |
myodynia | pain in a muscle |
myofasciitis | inflammation of a muscle and its associated connective tissue |
myography | obtaining a record of the contraction of a muscle |
myolysis | breakdown of muscle |
myoma | tumor derived from muscle |
myomalacia | softening of muscle |
myomectomy | removal of a tumor derived from muscle (in the uterine wall) |
myoplasty | surgical modification of a muscle |
myorrhaphy | surgical repair of a muscle |
myosarcoma | cancer derived from muscle tissue |
myosclerosis | hardening of muscle |
myositis | inflammation of muscle |
myospasm | involuntary contraction of muscle |
myotomy | cutting into a muscle |
neuromuscular | pertaining to the nervous system and muscles |
occipital | skull bone at the back of the head, next to (and attaches to) the cervical spine |
orthotic | device to straighten the foot or leg |
ossification | the process of making bone |
ostalgia | pain in the bones |
ostectomy | surgical removal of a bone |
osteitis | inflammation of a bone |
osteoarthritis | inflammation of bones and the joint formed by those bones |
osteoblast | rapidly dividing cell of bone (responsible for bone formation) |
osteocarcinoma | cancer derived from bone tissue |
osteochondritis | inflammation of bone and its associated cartilage |
osteochondroma | a tumor derived from bone and cartilage |
osteoclasia | abnormal breakdown of bone |
osteoclast | cell which breaks down bone |
osteodynia | pain in a bone |
osteogenesis | the process of forming bone |
osteolysis | the process of breaking down bone |
osteomalacia | abnormal softening of bone |
osteomyelitis | inflammation of the bone marrow |
osteon | microscopic anatomical unit of bone |
osteopathy | disease of the bone |
osteopenia | abnormal reduction in bone tissue (sign of osteoporosis) |
osteoplasty | surgical modfication of a bone |
osteoporosis | disease resulting in an abnormal number of holes in bone |
osteonecrosis | death of bone tissue |
osteosarcoma | cancerous tumor derived from bone tissue |
osteosclerosis | hardening of bone |
pectoral | pertaining to the chest |
pelvis | bone of the lower abdomen (hip bone) which results from the fusion of six bones (three on each side) |
perimysium | a connective tissue sheath of muscle that surrounds a bundle of muscle fibers (fascia) |
periosteum | membrane surrounding the bone |
phalanges | fingers and toes |
pollux | the thumb |
polydactyly | too many fingers (i.e. more than five on a hand) |
polymyositis | inflammation of many muscles |
pronation | turning the back of the hand facing forward; lying face down |
rhabdomyolysis | abnormal breakdown of skeletal muscle |
sarcolemma | the cell membrane surrounding a muscle cell |
sarcomere | repeating microscopic anatomical unit of striated muscle |
sarcoplasm | cytoplasm of a muscle cell |
scoliosis | abnormal curvature of the vertebrae (side-to-side curvature) |
sphincter | band of muscle surrounding an opening |
spine | bones of the back; vertebrae |
spondylitis | inflammation of the vertebrae |
spondyloarthropathy | disease of the joints between vertebrae |
spondylodynia | pain in the vertebrae |
spondylolisthesis | abnormal slippage of the vertebrae past one another |
spondylolysis | abnormal breakdown of the vertebrae |
spondylomalacia | abnormal softening of the vertebrae |
spondylosis | disease of the vertebrae |
sprain | injury to ligaments |
stenosis | abnormal narrowing of an opening |
sternotomy | cutting into the sternum (breastbone) |
sternum | breastbone; bone that ribs attach to |
strain | injury to a muscle or its tendon |
subluxation | dislocation of a joint |
sulcus | groove in a muscle |
supination | turning the palm of the hand facing forward; lying face up |
synarthrotic | immovable joint |
syncytium | cells which join together to make a large, multinucleated cell (as in skeletal muscle) |
syndactyly | abnormal joining of fingers |
synergist | muscle which aids an agonist muscle in its normal function |
talipes equinovarus | clubfoot |
tarsal | pertaining to the ankle |
tarsalgia | pain in the ankle |
tarsectomy | surgical removal of a tarsal bone |
tarsitis | inflammation of the ankle |
tarsoclasia | breakdown of an ankle bone |
tarsoptosis | condition of tarsal bones sagging; "flat feet" or "fallen arches" |
tenalgia | pain in a tendon |
tendectomy | surgical removal of a tendon |
tendinitis | inflammation of a tendon |
tendodesis | tendons bound together by a disease process |
tendolysis | breakdown of a tendon |
tendonitis | inflammation of a tendon |
tendoplasty | surgical modification of a tendon |
tenodynia | pain in a tendon |
tenolysis | breakdown of a tendon |
tenoplasty | surgical modification of a tendon |
tenorrhaphy | surgical repair of a tendon |
tenotomy | cutting into a tendon |
thoracic | pertaining to the chest |
tibia | bone of the lower extremity; larger of the two leg bones |
tibialgia | pain in the tibia |
tomography | technique using low-dose X-rays from many angles to visualize a body part |
tonograph | record of muscle contraction |
torticollis | abnormal contraction of the neck on one side |
trochanter | prominent knob on the femur (bone of the thigh) which forms from the attachment of muscles |
trochlea | "pulley": bony structure which acts or looks like a pulley |
tubercle | small bump on bone ("little potato") |
tuberosity | bump on bone |
valgum | abnormally close knees (genu valgum = "knock-knees") |
varum | abnormally distant knees (genu varum = "bow-legged") |
vertebra | bone of the spinal column |
zygomatic | bone of the face |