albuminuria |
the presence of albumin (protein) in the urine, indicating kidney disease |
antispasmodic |
drug that suppresses muscle spasms causing urinary urgency |
anuria |
absence of urine |
azotemia |
increase in BUN (blood urea nitrogen), indicating kidney dysfunction |
azotorrhea |
excessive secretion of urea nitrogen in the urine |
azoturia |
excessive secretion of urea nitrogen in the urine |
calyx |
part of the urine collection system of the kidney, leading to the urethra |
capsular |
pertaining to the glomerular capsule |
capsule |
the membranous sac surrounding the filtration system of the glomerulus |
convoluted |
twisted in a complex way |
corpuscle |
"small body"; the glomerulus plus the glomerular (Bowman's) capsule |
cortical |
nephrons with a shorter nephron loop that penetrates only the superficial renal medulla |
cystalgia |
pain in the bladder |
cystectomy |
surgical removal of the bladder |
cystitis |
inflammation of the bladder |
cystocele |
herniation of the bladder (anterior vaginal prolapse) |
cystodynia |
pain in the bladder |
cystogram |
x-ray image of dye inserted into the bladder |
cystography |
process of obtaining a cystogram |
cystolith |
bladder stone |
cystolithectomy |
surgical removal of a bladder stone |
cystoma |
tumor of the bladder |
cystoplegia |
weakness of the bladder muscles |
cystoptosis |
drooping of the bladder |
cystorrhexis |
rupture of the bladder |
cystoscopy |
the process of looking into the bladder |
cystospasm |
sudden contraction of the bladder |
cystostomy |
surgical creation of a communication that allows urine to drain from the bladder |
cystotomy |
cutting into the bladder |
cystoureteritis |
inflammation of the bladder and ureter |
cystourethrocele |
hernation of the bladder and urethra (anterior vaginal prolapse) |
cystourethrogram |
x-ray image of dye inserted into the bladder and urethra |
detrusor |
muscle which expels urine from the bladder |
dialysis |
process to artifically remove wastes from the blood, replicating this kidney function |
dipsogenic |
drug which increases thirst |
diuresis |
increased urination |
diuretic |
drug which increases the production of urine |
dysuria |
pain or difficulty with urination |
enuresis |
nighttime urination (literally, "urine in bed") |
extracorporeal |
from outside the body |
fascia |
connective tissue sheet |
fulguration |
using an electric current during surgery (e.g. to destroy stones or seal blood vessels); electrocauterization |
glomerular |
pertaining to the glomerulus |
glomerulonephritis |
inflammation of the kidney glomeruli |
glomerulopathy |
disease of the kidney glomerulus |
glomerulosclerosis |
hardening of the kidney glomeruli |
glomerulus |
filtration system of the kidney |
glucosuria |
sugar in the urine |
glycosuria |
sugar in the urine |
hematuria |
blood in the urine |
heminephrectomy |
surgical removal of part of a kidney |
heminephroureterectomy |
surgical removal of a duplex kidney (congenital condition where an "extra" kidney forms) |
hemodialysis |
process to artifically remove wastes from the blood, replicating this kidney function |
hydronephrosis |
swelling of kidneys due to urine buildup |
hypernephroma |
tumor of the renal tubules |
hyponatremia |
low blood sodium |
hypospadias |
congenital urethral opening on the underside of the penis |
incontinence |
inability to hold urine and expel it appropriately |
intracorporeal |
from inside the body |
juxtaglomerular apparatus |
hormone-secreting organ near the glomerulus |
juxtamedullary |
nephrons with a longer nephron loop that penetrates deep into the renal medulla |
ketolysis |
breakdown of ketones |
ketonuria |
ketones in the urine |
laparonephrectomy |
surgical removal of a kidney through an incision in the abdominal wall |
lithectomy |
surgical removal of a stone |
lithiasis |
the presence of a stone |
lithocystotomy |
cutting into the bladder to remove a stone |
lithonephritis |
inflammation of the kidney due to a stone |
lithonephrotomy |
cutting into the kidney to remove a stone |
lithotripsy |
breaking apart stones with high-frequency sound waves |
macula densa |
"dense spot"; area of the distal convoluted tubule which forms part of the juxtaglomerular apparatus |
meatal |
pertaining to an anatomical tube, such as the urethra or ureter |
meatoplasty |
surgical revision of an anatomical tube |
meatorrhaphy |
suturing an anatomical tube |
meatoscope |
instrument for looking inside an anatomical tube |
meatoscopy |
the process of looking into the urinary meatus (urethra) or the ureteral orifice |
meatotomy |
cutting into the urethra or ureter (for example, to remove a stone) |
micturition |
urination |
nephralgia |
pain in the kidney |
nephrectomy |
surgical removal of a kidney |
nephritis |
inflammation of the kidney |
nephrocele |
herniation of the kidney |
nephrocystanastomosis |
surgical creation of a connection between the kidney and bladder |
nephrogram |
x-ray image of dye inserted into the kidney |
nephrography |
process of obtaining a nephrogram |
nephrohypertrophy |
abnormal growth of the kidney |
nephrolithiasis |
the presence of a stone in the kidney |
nephrolithotomy |
cutting into the kidney to remove a stone |
nephrologist |
a person who studies kidney disease |
nephrology |
the study of kidneys |
nephroma |
tumor of the kidney cortex |
nephromalacia |
softening of the kidney due to disease |
nephromegaly |
enlargement of the kidney due to disease |
nephron |
functional unit of the kidney; a glomerulus, proximal convoluted tubule, nephron loop, distal convoluted tubule, and collecting duct |
nephropathy |
disease of the kidney |
nephropexy |
surgical fixation of the kidney |
nephroptosis |
drooping of the kidney |
nephrorrhaphy |
suturing the kidney |
nephrosclerosis |
hardening of the kidney |
nephroscopy |
the process of looking at the kidney |
nephrosis |
kidney disease (especially when accompanied by edema, abnormal swelling of the tissues); nephrotic syndrome |
nephrosonography |
process of imaging the kidney with sound waves |
nephrostomy |
surgical creation of a communication that allows urine to drain from the kidney |
nephrotomy |
cutting into the kidney |
nephrotoxin |
a chemical which is damaging to the kidney |
nephroureterectomy |
surgical removal of a kidney and its ureter |
nocturia |
nighttime urination |
oliguria |
sparse urine production |
pedicels |
"little feet"; microscopic structures supporting the filtration system of the kidney |
peritubular |
near the tubules |
phimosis |
inability to retract the foreskin of the penis |
podocytes |
"foot cells"; cells of the glomerular apparatus that extend pedicels to support the filtration membrane |
polycystic |
disease process characterized by many fluid-filled structures |
polydipsia |
frequent drinking |
polyuria |
frequent urination |
pyelitis |
inflammation of the pelvis region and calyces of the kidney |
pyelocystitis |
inflammation of the pelvis region of the kidney and the bladder |
pyelocystostomosis |
surgical creation of a communication between the kidney and bladder |
pyelogram |
x-ray image of dye inserted into the kidney calyces |
pyelolithotomy |
cutting into the kidney calyces to remove a stone |
pyelonephritis |
inflammation of the pelvis region, calyces, and kidney tissue |
pyelopathy |
disease of the kidney calyces |
pyeloplasty |
surgical revision of the kidney calyces |
pyelostomy |
surgical creation of a communication that allows urine to drain from the kidney calyces |
pyelotomy |
cutting into the kidney calyces |
pyeloureterectasia |
dilation of the kidney calyces and ureter |
pyonephritis |
inflammation of the kidney with pus formation |
pyonephrolithiasis |
the presence of pus and stones in the kidney |
pyopyeloectasis |
dilation of the kidney calyces with the formation of pus |
pyramid |
structure in the kidney medulla |
pyuria |
pus in the urine |
reabsorption |
moving substances from the filtrate in the nephron to the vasa recta (and thus back into the blood) |
renal |
pertaining to the kidney |
renin |
hormone released from the juxtaglomerular apparatus of the kidney |
resection |
surgical removal of all or part of an organ |
resectoscope |
instrument for looking inside the body to resect (remove) a structure |
retroperitoneal |
behind the peritoneal cavity |
transrectal |
through or across the rectum (e.g. ultrasound or surgery) |
transurethral |
through or across the urethra |
trigone |
anatomical triangle |
tubule |
small tube, as in the nephron |
tubuloglomerular |
pertaining to the nephron |
ultrasonography |
process of imaging with sound waves (same as sonography) |
urea |
waste product formed from protein metabolism |
uremia |
buildup of waste products in the blood because of kidney dysfunction |
ureteralgia |
pain in one or both ureters |
ureterectomy |
surgical removal of a ureter |
ureteritis |
inflammation of the ureter |
ureterocele |
hernation of the ureter |
ureteroileostomy |
surgical creation of a communication that allows urine to drain from the ureters through the body wall |
ureterolithiasis |
the presence of a stone in the ureter |
ureteronephrectomy |
surgical removal of a kidney and its ureter |
ureteroplasty |
surgical revision of the ureter |
ureteropyelitis |
inflammation of the ureter and calyces of the kidney |
ureteropyelonephritis |
inflammation of the ureter, calyces, and kidney tissue |
ureterorrhaphy |
suturing the ureter |
ureteroscopy |
the process of looking into the ureter |
ureterstenosis |
narrowing or blockage of the ureter |
urethrectomy |
surgical removal of the urethra |
urethritis |
inflammation of the urethra |
urethrocystitis |
inflammation of the urethra and bladder |
urethrodynia |
pain in the urethra |
urethrogram |
x-ray image of dye inserted into the urethra |
urethropexy |
surgical fixation of the urethra |
urethroplasty |
surgical revision of the urethra |
urethrorrhea |
abnormal flow from the urethra |
urethroscope |
instrument for looking inside the urethra |
urethroscopy |
the process of looking into the urethra |
urethrospasm |
sudden contraction of the urethra |
urethrostenosis |
narrowing or blockage of the urethra |
urethrotomy |
cutting into the urethra |
urinalysis |
shortening of urine + analysis |
urinary |
pertaining to the organs which produce urine |
urocyanosis |
blue color in the urine |
urodynia |
pain during urination |
urologist |
medical specialist who studies the urinary system |
urology |
the study of the urinary system |
uropathy |
disease in the urinary system |
uropoiesis |
the process of creating urine |
urostomy |
surgical creation of a communication that allows urine to drain outside the body |
uroxanthin |
pigment which gives the urine its yellow color |
vesicocele |
herniation of the bladder (into the vaginal canal) |
vesicostomy |
surgical creation of a communication that allows urine to drain from the bladder |
vesicotomy |
cutting into the bladder |
vesicoureteral |
pertaining to the bladder and ureter |
voiding |
emptying the bladder (i.e. urinating) |