| albuminuria |
the presence of albumin (protein) in the urine, indicating kidney disease |
| antispasmodic |
drug that suppresses muscle spasms causing urinary urgency |
| anuria |
absence of urine |
| azotemia |
increase in BUN (blood urea nitrogen), indicating kidney dysfunction |
| azotorrhea |
excessive secretion of urea nitrogen in the urine |
| azoturia |
excessive secretion of urea nitrogen in the urine |
| calyx |
part of the urine collection system of the kidney, leading to the urethra |
| capsular |
pertaining to the glomerular capsule |
| capsule |
the membranous sac surrounding the filtration system of the glomerulus |
| convoluted |
twisted in a complex way |
| corpuscle |
"small body"; the glomerulus plus the glomerular (Bowman's) capsule |
| cortical |
nephrons with a shorter nephron loop that penetrates only the superficial renal medulla |
| cystalgia |
pain in the bladder |
| cystectomy |
surgical removal of the bladder |
| cystitis |
inflammation of the bladder |
| cystocele |
herniation of the bladder (anterior vaginal prolapse) |
| cystodynia |
pain in the bladder |
| cystogram |
x-ray image of dye inserted into the bladder |
| cystography |
process of obtaining a cystogram |
| cystolith |
bladder stone |
| cystolithectomy |
surgical removal of a bladder stone |
| cystoma |
tumor of the bladder |
| cystoplegia |
weakness of the bladder muscles |
| cystoptosis |
drooping of the bladder |
| cystorrhexis |
rupture of the bladder |
| cystoscopy |
the process of looking into the bladder |
| cystospasm |
sudden contraction of the bladder |
| cystostomy |
surgical creation of a communication that allows urine to drain from the bladder |
| cystotomy |
cutting into the bladder |
| cystoureteritis |
inflammation of the bladder and ureter |
| cystourethrocele |
hernation of the bladder and urethra (anterior vaginal prolapse) |
| cystourethrogram |
x-ray image of dye inserted into the bladder and urethra |
| detrusor |
muscle which expels urine from the bladder |
| dialysis |
process to artifically remove wastes from the blood, replicating this kidney function |
| dipsogenic |
drug which increases thirst |
| diuresis |
increased urination |
| diuretic |
drug which increases the production of urine |
| dysuria |
pain or difficulty with urination |
| enuresis |
nighttime urination (literally, "urine in bed") |
| extracorporeal |
from outside the body |
| fascia |
connective tissue sheet |
| fulguration |
using an electric current during surgery (e.g. to destroy stones or seal blood vessels); electrocauterization |
| glomerular |
pertaining to the glomerulus |
| glomerulonephritis |
inflammation of the kidney glomeruli |
| glomerulopathy |
disease of the kidney glomerulus |
| glomerulosclerosis |
hardening of the kidney glomeruli |
| glomerulus |
filtration system of the kidney |
| glucosuria |
sugar in the urine |
| glycosuria |
sugar in the urine |
| hematuria |
blood in the urine |
| heminephrectomy |
surgical removal of part of a kidney |
| heminephroureterectomy |
surgical removal of a duplex kidney (congenital condition where an "extra" kidney forms) |
| hemodialysis |
process to artifically remove wastes from the blood, replicating this kidney function |
| hydronephrosis |
swelling of kidneys due to urine buildup |
| hypernephroma |
tumor of the renal tubules |
| hyponatremia |
low blood sodium |
| hypospadias |
congenital urethral opening on the underside of the penis |
| incontinence |
inability to hold urine and expel it appropriately |
| intracorporeal |
from inside the body |
| juxtaglomerular apparatus |
hormone-secreting organ near the glomerulus |
| juxtamedullary |
nephrons with a longer nephron loop that penetrates deep into the renal medulla |
| ketolysis |
breakdown of ketones |
| ketonuria |
ketones in the urine |
| laparonephrectomy |
surgical removal of a kidney through an incision in the abdominal wall |
| lithectomy |
surgical removal of a stone |
| lithiasis |
the presence of a stone |
| lithocystotomy |
cutting into the bladder to remove a stone |
| lithonephritis |
inflammation of the kidney due to a stone |
| lithonephrotomy |
cutting into the kidney to remove a stone |
| lithotripsy |
breaking apart stones with high-frequency sound waves |
| macula densa |
"dense spot"; area of the distal convoluted tubule which forms part of the juxtaglomerular apparatus |
| meatal |
pertaining to an anatomical tube, such as the urethra or ureter |
| meatoplasty |
surgical revision of an anatomical tube |
| meatorrhaphy |
suturing an anatomical tube |
| meatoscope |
instrument for looking inside an anatomical tube |
| meatoscopy |
the process of looking into the urinary meatus (urethra) or the ureteral orifice |
| meatotomy |
cutting into the urethra or ureter (for example, to remove a stone) |
| micturition |
urination |
| nephralgia |
pain in the kidney |
| nephrectomy |
surgical removal of a kidney |
| nephritis |
inflammation of the kidney |
| nephrocele |
herniation of the kidney |
| nephrocystanastomosis |
surgical creation of a connection between the kidney and bladder |
| nephrogram |
x-ray image of dye inserted into the kidney |
| nephrography |
process of obtaining a nephrogram |
| nephrohypertrophy |
abnormal growth of the kidney |
| nephrolithiasis |
the presence of a stone in the kidney |
| nephrolithotomy |
cutting into the kidney to remove a stone |
| nephrologist |
a person who studies kidney disease |
| nephrology |
the study of kidneys |
| nephroma |
tumor of the kidney cortex |
| nephromalacia |
softening of the kidney due to disease |
| nephromegaly |
enlargement of the kidney due to disease |
| nephron |
functional unit of the kidney; a glomerulus, proximal convoluted tubule, nephron loop, distal convoluted tubule, and collecting duct |
| nephropathy |
disease of the kidney |
| nephropexy |
surgical fixation of the kidney |
| nephroptosis |
drooping of the kidney |
| nephrorrhaphy |
suturing the kidney |
| nephrosclerosis |
hardening of the kidney |
| nephroscopy |
the process of looking at the kidney |
| nephrosis |
kidney disease (especially when accompanied by edema, abnormal swelling of the tissues); nephrotic syndrome |
| nephrosonography |
process of imaging the kidney with sound waves |
| nephrostomy |
surgical creation of a communication that allows urine to drain from the kidney |
| nephrotomy |
cutting into the kidney |
| nephrotoxin |
a chemical which is damaging to the kidney |
| nephroureterectomy |
surgical removal of a kidney and its ureter |
| nocturia |
nighttime urination |
| oliguria |
sparse urine production |
| pedicels |
"little feet"; microscopic structures supporting the filtration system of the kidney |
| peritubular |
near the tubules |
| phimosis |
inability to retract the foreskin of the penis |
| podocytes |
"foot cells"; cells of the glomerular apparatus that extend pedicels to support the filtration membrane |
| polycystic |
disease process characterized by many fluid-filled structures |
| polydipsia |
frequent drinking |
| polyuria |
frequent urination |
| pyelitis |
inflammation of the pelvis region and calyces of the kidney |
| pyelocystitis |
inflammation of the pelvis region of the kidney and the bladder |
| pyelocystostomosis |
surgical creation of a communication between the kidney and bladder |
| pyelogram |
x-ray image of dye inserted into the kidney calyces |
| pyelolithotomy |
cutting into the kidney calyces to remove a stone |
| pyelonephritis |
inflammation of the pelvis region, calyces, and kidney tissue |
| pyelopathy |
disease of the kidney calyces |
| pyeloplasty |
surgical revision of the kidney calyces |
| pyelostomy |
surgical creation of a communication that allows urine to drain from the kidney calyces |
| pyelotomy |
cutting into the kidney calyces |
| pyeloureterectasia |
dilation of the kidney calyces and ureter |
| pyonephritis |
inflammation of the kidney with pus formation |
| pyonephrolithiasis |
the presence of pus and stones in the kidney |
| pyopyeloectasis |
dilation of the kidney calyces with the formation of pus |
| pyramid |
structure in the kidney medulla |
| pyuria |
pus in the urine |
| reabsorption |
moving substances from the filtrate in the nephron to the vasa recta (and thus back into the blood) |
| renal |
pertaining to the kidney |
| renin |
hormone released from the juxtaglomerular apparatus of the kidney |
| resection |
surgical removal of all or part of an organ |
| resectoscope |
instrument for looking inside the body to resect (remove) a structure |
| retroperitoneal |
behind the peritoneal cavity |
| transrectal |
through or across the rectum (e.g. ultrasound or surgery) |
| transurethral |
through or across the urethra |
| trigone |
anatomical triangle |
| tubule |
small tube, as in the nephron |
| tubuloglomerular |
pertaining to the nephron |
| ultrasonography |
process of imaging with sound waves (same as sonography) |
| urea |
waste product formed from protein metabolism |
| uremia |
buildup of waste products in the blood because of kidney dysfunction |
| ureteralgia |
pain in one or both ureters |
| ureterectomy |
surgical removal of a ureter |
| ureteritis |
inflammation of the ureter |
| ureterocele |
hernation of the ureter |
| ureteroileostomy |
surgical creation of a communication that allows urine to drain from the ureters through the body wall |
| ureterolithiasis |
the presence of a stone in the ureter |
| ureteronephrectomy |
surgical removal of a kidney and its ureter |
| ureteroplasty |
surgical revision of the ureter |
| ureteropyelitis |
inflammation of the ureter and calyces of the kidney |
| ureteropyelonephritis |
inflammation of the ureter, calyces, and kidney tissue |
| ureterorrhaphy |
suturing the ureter |
| ureteroscopy |
the process of looking into the ureter |
| ureterstenosis |
narrowing or blockage of the ureter |
| urethrectomy |
surgical removal of the urethra |
| urethritis |
inflammation of the urethra |
| urethrocystitis |
inflammation of the urethra and bladder |
| urethrodynia |
pain in the urethra |
| urethrogram |
x-ray image of dye inserted into the urethra |
| urethropexy |
surgical fixation of the urethra |
| urethroplasty |
surgical revision of the urethra |
| urethrorrhea |
abnormal flow from the urethra |
| urethroscope |
instrument for looking inside the urethra |
| urethroscopy |
the process of looking into the urethra |
| urethrospasm |
sudden contraction of the urethra |
| urethrostenosis |
narrowing or blockage of the urethra |
| urethrotomy |
cutting into the urethra |
| urinalysis |
shortening of urine + analysis |
| urinary |
pertaining to the organs which produce urine |
| urocyanosis |
blue color in the urine |
| urodynia |
pain during urination |
| urologist |
medical specialist who studies the urinary system |
| urology |
the study of the urinary system |
| uropathy |
disease in the urinary system |
| uropoiesis |
the process of creating urine |
| urostomy |
surgical creation of a communication that allows urine to drain outside the body |
| uroxanthin |
pigment which gives the urine its yellow color |
| vesicocele |
herniation of the bladder (into the vaginal canal) |
| vesicostomy |
surgical creation of a communication that allows urine to drain from the bladder |
| vesicotomy |
cutting into the bladder |
| vesicoureteral |
pertaining to the bladder and ureter |
| voiding |
emptying the bladder (i.e. urinating) |
