Introduction

Community ecology is the study of interactions among species within a community and how these interactions shape the structure and function of ecosystems. It examines the patterns and processes that influence the diversity, abundance, and distribution of species in a particular environment, focusing on relationships like predation, competition, mutualism, and symbiosis. These interactions affect species’ survival and reproduction, ultimately determining the composition and stability of communities. Understanding community ecology is essential for grasping biodiversity, ecosystem dynamics, and the impacts of environmental changes, providing insights for conservation and ecosystem management.