Teaching Sociology Through Reality TV:

Abstract

This article explores reality TV’s value in teaching sociological concepts and theories for a better understanding contemporary society. Reality TV serves as a rich canvas for illustrating key tenets of major sociological theories such as structural functionalism, conflict theory, and symbolic interactionism. By analyzing reality TV through a sociological lens, insights into societal dynamics emerge, revealing how individuals navigate social norms. Additionally, reality TV serves as a cultural mirror, reflecting and shaping societal values. Globally, it influences cultural attitudes and social dynamics, transcending geographical boundaries through adaptations and social media engagement. It promotes inclusivity by showcasing underrepresented voices and challenging stereotypes. As an educational tool, reality TV offers concrete examples for teaching sociology, facilitating the exploration of social concepts such as inequality and gender roles. Ultimately, reality TV provides a window into human behavior and societal structures, offering valuable insights for sociological inquiry.

Keywords: teaching sociology, cultural representation, application of theoretical perspectives, sociological imagination, toxic masculinity

The Sociological Application of Reality Television 

While often dismissed as mere entertainment, reality TV holds significant value as a subject of sociological study (Montemurro, 2008). In this article, I will explore why reality TV serves as a valuable teaching tool for sociology, particularly in how it can help students develop sociological insights and apply the sociological imagination to better understand its underlying dynamics. By examining reality TV through a sociological lens, we can uncover profound insights into contemporary society and the complex ways in which individuals navigate social norms and structures within the confines of the screen (Thompson & Mittell, 2013). I argue that reality TV serves as a cultural mirror, reflecting and sometimes reframing societal values, attitudes, and beliefs. By analyzing these representations, sociology instructors can help students apply key terms and theories to better understand the underlying power dynamics, inequalities, and cultural trends that shape both the content and reception of reality television (Porter & Standing, 2020). Through this application, students can engage with concepts such as socialization, gender roles, and media influence, deepening their grasp of sociological theories like symbolic interactionism, conflict theory, and structural functionalism. Reality TV provides a practical and relatable framework for exploring these sociological ideas in action.

Reality TV is important from a global perspective due to its multifaceted role in shaping cultural attitudes and global interconnectedness (Chalaby & Plunkett, 2021; Rodríguez, 2018). Chalaby (2016) argues that through formats like international versions, co-productions, and adaptations, reality TV franchises have become ubiquitous, transcending geographical boundaries. These shows often feature contestants, challenges, and themes that reflect diverse cultural backgrounds, fostering cross-cultural understanding and dialogue (Beaty, 2021). Additionally, social media platforms amplify this interconnectedness, allowing audiences worldwide to engage with and react to reality TV content in real-time (Rodríguez, 2018). This creates a global community of viewers who share experiences and perspectives regardless of their geographic location (Rodríguez, 2018). Reality TV reflects global trends, values, and social issues, addressing universal concerns such as poverty, discrimination, and mental health within various cultural contexts (Schauerte, Feiereisen, & Malter, 2021). By showcasing underrepresented voices and marginalized communities, reality TV has the potential to promote inclusivity and challenge stereotypes, contributing to greater representation on a global scale (Beaty, 2021). Furthermore, reality TV cast members wield global influence, shaping trends, consumer behaviors, and social movements across borders (Rodríguez, 2018). Through the study of reality TV’s impact on global audiences, sociologists gain valuable insights into the mechanisms of cultural diffusion, media influence, and celebrity culture in the contemporary digital age (Montemurr, 2008). Additionally, research suggests that reality TV shows often portray important social issues such as inequality, gender roles, race relations, deviance, and the construction of identity (Nikunen, 2019).

When viewers engage with reality television, it may appear to be a form of casual entertainment. However, upon closer examination, reality TV serves as a window into the dynamics of human behavior and societal structures. Through a sociological lens, the interactions and narratives depicted in these shows offer valuable insights into the functioning of our social world. By critically analyzing the relationships, conflicts, and cultural representations presented on screen, we can deepen our understanding of societal norms and processes (Scharrer, Ramasubramanian, & Banjo, 2022).

The Sociological Imagination

The sociological imagination, a concept introduced by sociologist C. Wright Mills in 1959, refers to the ability to see the relationship between individual experiences and larger social structures (Mitra & Sarabia, 2005). Essentially, it allows people to understand how personal challenges are influenced by broader societal issues and how these issues are shaped by historical and cultural contexts (Massengill, 2011). When students apply the sociological imagination to reality TV, they can look beyond the surface-level narratives and delve into the underlying societal dynamics at play. Through this lens, students can recognize that cast members’ behaviors are shaped not only by their individual personalities but also by broader societal norms. For instance, in shows exploring themes like romance, friendships, or family dynamics, the sociological imagination allows students to see how cultural expectations, gender roles, and media influences shape the portrayal of relationships and interpersonal conflicts (Anderson, 2016).  Students can better understand how personal struggles depicted on screen are linked to broader social issues, such as power dynamics and social inequality (Montemurro, 2008). This approach helps students critically engage with the media they consume and challenge the systems of power and oppression perpetuated by these shows.

Teaching the Sociological Imagination with Jersey Shore

The enduring cultural relevance of Jersey Shore, despite its initial premiere over a decade ago, speaks volumes about the impact and evolution of reality television in modern pop culture. Originally debuting in 2009, Jersey Shore quickly became a cultural phenomenon, capturing the attention of audiences with its depiction of a group of young adults living and partying together in Seaside Heights, New Jersey. The main cast members, known for their distinctive personalities, include Nicole “Snooki” Polizzi, Mike “The Situation” Sorrentino, Paul “Pauly D” DelVecchio, Jenni “JWoww” Farley, Vinny Guadagnino, Ronnie Ortiz-Magro, Sammi “Sweetheart” Giancola, and later Deena Cortese and Angelina Pivarnick. The show gained significant attention for its portrayal of the cast members’ party-centric lifestyle, frequent conflicts, romantic entanglements, and unique catchphrases (e.g., “Gym, Tan Laundry” (GTL), “Smush”, and “The cabs are here!”). The cast members’ antics, from fist-pumping at nightclubs to navigating tumultuous relationships, provided endless fodder for tabloids and social media discussions (Wayne, 2015). The show also sparked conversations about topics such as identity, social norms, gender roles, and the influence of media on behavior (Wayne, 2015).

Fast forward to today, and the franchise remains relevant with its revival, Jersey Shore Family Vacation. This reboot brings together the original cast, showcasing their lives as they navigate adulthood, marriage, and parenthood. The shift from the wild party antics of their youth to the responsibilities and challenges of maturity offers viewers a compelling narrative arc that resonates with audiences. The cast members’ personal growth and transformations add depth to the narrative, keeping the franchise fresh and relevant. As they navigate the challenges of adulthood, viewers witness their struggles, triumphs, and moments of vulnerability, making them more than just reality TV personalities but rather fully developed characters with whom audiences can empathize and root for.

A popular reality show like Jersey Shore offers a unique opportunity to teach students about the sociological imagination by exploring the relationship between personal problems and broader social issues (Massengill, 2011). In the show, the cast members navigate various personal struggles such as romantic relationships, insecurities, and conflict, often in exaggerated or dramatic fashion. Using the sociological imagination, students can be guided to recognize how these personal experiences are shaped by larger societal forces like family expectations, gender norms, media influence, and cultural expectations around behavior, especially for young adults (Nikunen, 2019).

Classroom Activity: In a class activity, students could watch selected scenes from Jersey Shore and then categorize the challenges faced by the cast members as either personal problems (individual-level) or social issues (structural-level). For example, they might analyze Snooki’s struggles with public perception and body image and connect these challenges to larger societal issues, such as media portrayals of women and the pressure to conform to certain beauty standards. Another example could be examining the constant partying and substance use, and linking it to societal expectations around youth culture, peer pressure, and the normalization of certain behaviors in media.

Follow-Up Assignment: As a follow-up assignment, ask students to choose a reality show they watch and write a brief reflection analyzing a particular situation using the sociological imagination. Students should identify personal troubles depicted on the show and connect them to broader social issues. For instance, they could reflect on Ronnie’s toxic behavior in relationships and relate it to societal expectations of masculinity and emotional suppression (Romaniuk, 2020). Alternatively, they might examine how the show’s glorification of partying and materialism reflects broader cultural norms about success and young adulthood. This method engages students by utilizing familiar media while encouraging them to think critically about how individual experiences are shaped by societal dynamics (Massengill, 2011). By applying the sociological imagination to Jersey Shore, students can see how personal troubles are often connected to structural issues, making the concept more relatable and applicable to everyday life.

Teaching Sociological Theories Through Jersey Shore

Using reality television, specifically Jersey Shore, can be an effective way to teach students how to apply sociological theories to popular culture and everyday social interactions. By analyzing issues depicted on the show, students can engage with key sociological perspectives such as structural functionalism, conflict theory, and symbolic interactionism, and see how these theories manifest in the interactions between cast members. Below are examples of how Jersey Shore can be utilized to explain each theory, along with practical ideas for classroom discussions and writing prompts that help students grasp these concepts.

Structural Functionalism

Structural functionalism is a sociological theory that views society as a complex system made up of interdependent parts, each of which serves a specific function that contributes to the overall stability and equilibrium of society. This perspective suggests that institutions, social structures, and norms work together to maintain social order and meet the needs of society. From a structural functionalist perspective, Jersey Shore serves multiple functions within society by reflecting and reinforcing cultural norms and values. The behaviors and attitudes of the cast, though often exaggerated for entertainment, mirror important aspects of American culture. For instance, the emphasis on partying, materialism, and physical appearance reflects consumerist and individualistic values prevalent in American society. Additionally, the camaraderie and conflicts among the cast highlight social dynamics within groups. Despite frequent disputes, the cast members often show loyalty and solidarity, reinforcing the importance of social relationships and communal ties in maintaining social stability. This portrayal of group cohesion supports the structural functionalist view that such bonds are essential for the stability of society.

Teaching Example: In Jersey Shore, the loyalty displayed by Pauly D towards Vinny Guadagnino during his struggle with mental health issues provides a compelling example of how friendships serve vital functions within social structures, as understood through structural functionalism. When Vinny grapples with anxiety and depression, Pauly’s unwavering support and empathy not only aid his friend’s well-being but also reinforce the cohesion and stability of the group dynamics. Pauly’s actions, such as providing a listening ear, offering reassurance, and advocating for Vinny’s mental health, contribute to maintaining a sense of solidarity and trust within the cast. Structurally, their friendship acts as a stabilizing force, ensuring the group’s continued functioning amidst challenges. Additionally, Pauly’s loyalty to Vinny reinforces the importance of supportive relationships in fostering resilience and addressing individual needs within the broader social context of the shore house. Through this lens, their friendship emerges as a functional component within the social structure, enhancing the overall loyalty and functionality of the group dynamics.

Class Discussion: Ask students how the support among cast members functions to maintain social stability within the group. What societal values or norms are reinforced through their interactions?

Writing Prompt: Analyze a scene from Jersey Shore where the group responds to a crisis (e.g., Snooki being punched at a nightclub). How does their collective reaction reinforce social cohesion and protect the group’s integrity? How does this reflect broader societal norms around loyalty and protection?

Conflict Theory

Jersey Shore provides ample material for exploring conflict theory, which focuses on power dynamics, competition, and inequality. Conflict theory is a sociological perspective that focuses on the inherent power struggles present within society. It emphasizes how dominant groups maintain control over resources and institutions, often at the expense of marginalized groups, leading to continuous tension and inequality. Conflict theorists focus on how inequalities are produced and maintained, and how those who hold power use it to control and suppress the less powerful. Jersey Shore illustrates power and stratification in terms of social status within the group itself. Certain cast members are elevated to positions of influence and power, while others may feel marginalized or excluded. This hierarchy within the group reflects broader social dynamics of popularity, where individuals with certain attributes or characteristics are valued more highly than others. This competitive dynamic not only fuels intra-group conflicts but also reinforces existing power hierarchies and reinforces social stratification. For example, Mike wanted to be the leader of the group; however, his aggressive behavior and attempts to dominate often backfired, leading to tension and conflict with other members.

Teaching Example: Conflict theory can be applied to analyze the portrayal of conflicts between the cast members and individuals outside their group, such as local residents, romantic interests, or rival factions. These conflicts may stem from territorial disputes, cultural misunderstandings, or perceived threats to the cast members’ social status and identity. In one particular incident, tensions between cast male members Ronnie Ortiz-Magro and Mike “The Situation” Sorrentino escalated into a physical altercation. The conflict began during a night out at a club when Ronnie became upset with Mike for spreading rumors about him and his girlfriend, Sammi “Sweetheart” Giancola. As the argument intensified, Ronnie and Mike exchanged heated words, eventually leading to a physical fight. The fight resulted in Ronnie pushing Mike, who then retaliated by throwing a punch at Ronnie. The incident not only reflects the volatile nature of the relationships within the group but also underscores the role of alcohol, jealousy, and unresolved tensions in fueling such conflicts.

This portrayal of violence (among others) raises questions about the normalization of aggressive behavior and the glamorization of conflict within reality television (Sherry & Martin, 2014). As audiences are repeatedly exposed to scenes of physical altercations and verbal clashes, it prompts reflection on the societal implications of such portrayals (Anderson & Bushman, 2018). This perpetuation of aggressive behavior as a marker of masculinity not only reinforces harmful stereotypes about men as inherently violent or aggressive but also reinforces societal expectations that men should assert dominance through physical means. While the altercation between Ronnie and Mike was undoubtedly sensationalized for entertainment purposes, it also serves as a stark reminder of the real-world consequences of unchecked aggression and violence.

Studying instances of conflict, aggression, and violence in popular culture provides an opportunity for students to engage in discussions about socialization and the social construction of gender, race, and class (Coleman, Reynolds, & Torbati, 2020). The ways in which aggression is framed and portrayed on TV shows often reflect gendered expectations and stereotypes about masculinity, as well as racialized narratives about violence and criminality (Sherry & Martin, 2014). By deconstructing these narratives, students can gain a better understanding of how social identities intersect with power dynamics and influence behavior.

Class Discussion: How do the power dynamics in Jersey Shore reflect broader societal struggles for dominance and status? How do the conflicts between cast members mirror issues of gender or social class in the real world?

Writing Prompt: Choose a moment of conflict on Jersey Shore and analyze it from a conflict theory perspective. How do the characters assert dominance or power over one another? How does the show reflect or challenge social inequalities in terms of gender or class?

Symbolic Interactionism

Symbolic interactionism emphasizes the importance of symbols, language, and social interactions in the construction of reality and the formation of individual and collective identities, and in Jersey Shore, symbols play a significant role in shaping the identities of the cast members and the dynamics of their relationships. For example, the distinctive styles of clothing, hairstyles, and accessories worn by the cast members serve as symbols of their cultural identity and social status. The use of specific language, catchphrases, and slang within the group further reinforces their sense of belonging and solidarity. Symbolic interactionism can also be applied to analyze the portrayal of space and place in Jersey Shore. The beach house where the cast members reside serves as a symbolic setting that shapes their experiences and interactions. It represents a temporary escape from their everyday lives and a space where they can express themselves freely and engage in leisure activities. The various locations visited by the cast members, such as nightclubs, restaurants, and beaches, carry symbolic meanings associated with socializing, the specific geographical region, and nightlife and partying culture.

Symbolic interactionism focuses on the ways in which individuals construct meaning through their interactions with others and the symbols present in their social environment, and the interactions among the cast members on the show are rich with symbolic meaning. From playful banter to heated arguments, these interactions reflect underlying social norms, values, and power dynamics. Additionally, the portrayal of intimate partnerships and romance on the show can be analyzed through the lens of symbolic interactionism. The exchange of gestures, gifts, and expressions of affection between cast members symbolize intimacy, attraction, and emotional connections. Conversely, conflicts and betrayals within romantic relationships can signify ruptures in trust and the negotiation of symbolic boundaries. Sammie and Ron’s tumultuous relationship provides a rich context for understanding dynamics of romance, conflict, and identity formation through the lens of symbolic interactionism.

Teaching Example: In the case of Sammie and Ron, their relationship was characterized by intense emotions, frequent arguments, and dramatic reconciliations, all of which were laden with symbolic significance. Their interactions often revolved around symbols of affection, such as gestures of love, verbal expressions, and physical intimacy. These symbols served to communicate their feelings and reinforce their bond as a couple. However, conflicts between Sammie and Ron were also rife with symbolic meaning. Their arguments were often fueled by jealousy, mistrust, and insecurities, which were communicated through verbal insults, accusations, and confrontations. These conflicts served as symbolic expressions of deeper issues within their relationship, such as unresolved tensions, communication breakdowns, and conflicting expectations.

The on-again, off-again nature of Sammie and Ron’s relationship exemplifies the negotiation of symbolic boundaries and the construction of relational identities. Each breakup and reconciliation represented a renegotiation of their roles as partners and individuals within the social context of the group. The symbols of love, commitment, and loyalty were constantly redefined and reinterpreted through their interactions, contributing to the fluidity and complexity of their relationship dynamics. Additionally, symbolic interactionism can help us understand the influence of social context and peer dynamics on Sammie and Ron’s relationship. Their interactions were not only shaped by their personal experiences and emotions but also influenced by the expectations and norms of their social environment, including their fellow cast members and the broader cultural context of reality television.

Class Discussion: How does Sammie and Ron’s on-again, off-again relationship in Jersey Shore illustrate the principles of symbolic interactionism, particularly in the way they negotiate their relational identities? In what ways do their breakups and reconciliations reflect the shifting meanings of love, commitment, and loyalty within their social context? How do you think their relationship was influenced by the expectations of their fellow cast members and the broader cultural norms of reality TV?

Writing Prompt: Analyze how a specific character on Jersey Shore constructs their identity through symbolic interactionism. How do their behaviors, language, or social interactions shape the way others perceive them? In your analysis, consider the influence of symbols such as love, commitment, and loyalty, and how these were redefined through their interactions.