Skeletal Muscles Are the Effectors of the Nervous System
Objective 1
Name the areas of cerebral cortex responsible for production of movements. Explain how information from the motor cortex travels to the spinal cord. Trace the pathway taken by axons through the internal capsule, pyramidal tract, decussation of the pyramids, and lateral corticospinal tract. Describe the role of alpha motor neurons in the spinal cord. Compare and contrast upper and lower motor neurons. Understand how the cerebellum and basal nuclei contribute to voluntary movement.
Now that we’ve gone through all the various parts of the brain and spinal cord, we’re ready to put those parts together into circuits that carry out different functions. This area of neuroscience is called systems neuroscience.
In Unit 1, we introduced the concept of a homeostatic loop. This is a perfect way to organize our thinking about systems neuroscience: a system consists of input from receptors, processing by a set of neurons who extract information from the input and organize it in various ways; and an output to effectors.
Motor Systems Are the Effectors
The nervous system as a whole contains probably dozens of levels of homeostatic loops all nested within each other, or in computer programming terms, subroutines that carry out different tasks.
Motor systems are all the parts of the brain and spinal cord that are devoted to the output of the nervous system. Recall that the nervous system has sensory, processing, and motor functions. The motor functions are the only outputs of the nervous system.
Divisions of the Motor Systems
We start with two kinds of motor systems:
- somatic (voluntary)
- autonomic (involuntary)
The embryonic structures that develop into voluntary (skeletal) muscle are the effectors of the somatic motor system. This objective (Objective 1) is about the neural circuitry that controls these skeletal muscle effectors.
The embryonic structures that develop into smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands are collectively called the visceral motor components by neuroembryologists and the autonomic nervous system and enteric nervous system by neurophysiologists. For example, the muscles that control the diameter of blood vessels, and therefore your blood pressure, are part of the autonomic nervous system. Similarly, the system that controls the rate at which your heart contracts is also part of the autonomic nervous system. The salivary gland secretions are part of this autonomic nervous system. The movement of substances through the gut tube (stomach and intestines) is controlled by the enteric nervous system which is closely tied to the autonomic nervous system and sometimes included with it. We’ll look at these circuits in Objective 2.
Here is the overall organization of the nervous system we introduced in Unit 11 Objective 2. Motor systems are red in this diagram.