3 Introduction

*This image was created using napkin.ai; however, the concept, design direction, and creative vision were conceived by Dr. Knight and Chris Cardenas

Not all research fits neatly into the traditional categories of experiments, surveys, or qualitative interviews. In this chapter, we explore two innovative research designs that expand how we understand, engage with, and contribute to social science. We also talk about how the goals of research can be adapted to unique situations.

We begin by examining meta-analysis, a method that synthesizes findings from multiple studies to draw broader conclusions about a particular topic. Then, we look at studies that do nearly the opposite, by focusing on only one research participant. We then move into multiple methods and mixed methods designs, which involve combining different types of data or research approaches. These designs are helpful when a single method isn’t enough to fully understand a complex issue, allowing researchers to draw more well-rounded and reliable conclusions.

From there, we explore research designs that have specific goals, but are not limited to specific data. Evaluation research is meant to evaluate the outcomes of a program or policy, and is an important tool for all evidence-based providers. We also discuss methods that center on collaboration and responsiveness to specific communities. Culturally responsive research and community-based participatory research (CBPR) focus on ethical engagement, equity, and inclusivity. This chapter will also introduce action research, a type of research done by people who want to make a real difference in the world. It often involves a team and includes community members or those affected by the issue as equal partners in the process.

* AI was used to help organize my thoughts and suggest clarifying sentences, but all ideas and final writing are entirely my own.