Instruction refers to the teaching methods and learning activities that teachers use to “teach” their class. Instruction involves directing the learning process that will lead to positive learning outcomes. Instruction involves all the curriculum that was mentioned in the previous chapter. Where the curriculum is “everything the teacher teaches and the students learn,” instruction can be defined as “the process” that the teacher uses to teach the curriculum the students learn. Instruction involves everything from a teacher creating a lesson plan to developing or adopting a specific teaching methodology or pedagogy.

Teacher Feature

School Counselor, Music Teacher, and District Administrator, Terry Moore.

Teacher Feature Reflection Questions:

1. Why did Mr. Moore become a teacher and counselor?
2. What does Mr. Moore believes makes him a good teacher?
3. What is Mr. Moore’s favorite part of being a teacher/professor?
4. What advice would Mr. Moore give to new teachers?

Utah Education Flashback

During World War II, all first-year civilian males were required to take a course in military science and tactics. Courses on the economics and philosophy of war were taught, and the physical education requirements were increased to meet the demands of military programs. A four-quarter schedule of classes was adopted to facilitate training doctors, engineers, and technicians for the military services. ^{(https://www.uen.org/utah_history_encyclopedia/u/UNIVERSITY_OF_UTAH.shtml)}

Instruction

Pedagogy
Pedagogy refers to the theory and practice of teaching and education. It encompasses a range of teaching strategies, methods, and techniques that are used to promote learning and engagement among students. Pedagogy is influenced by factors such as cultural beliefs, social context, and learning outcomes.

Effective pedagogy involves the use of various teaching strategies, including active learning, collaborative learning, and inquiry-based learning. Teachers must also be able to adapt their teaching methods to meet the needs of individual students and to create a supportive learning environment that fosters growth and development.

Teaching Strategies
Teaching strategies refer to the methods and techniques that teachers use to deliver instruction and facilitate learning among their students. Effective teaching strategies can promote student engagement, participation, and learning outcomes. Some popular teaching strategies include:

• Lecture: This is a traditional teaching method where the teacher delivers a presentation to the class.
• Active learning: This approach encourages students to participate in the learning process through hands-on activities, discussions, and group work.
• Cooperative learning: This involves organizing students into small groups to work together on projects and assignments. This can include Jigsaw, Think-Pair-Share, and Peer Review activities.
• Project-based learning: This approach involves presenting students with real-world problems and challenging them to find solutions through hands-on projects.
• Flipped classroom: This involves reversing the traditional classroom model, with students learning new concepts outside of class and using class time for discussion and application.

Perrenialism
You probably have read the same novels that your parents and your grandparents have read as part of a school’s curriculum. Perrenialism as in the plant world, connotes something that returns year after year. An evergreen tree is a perrenial as opposed to a plant that dies in the fall and must be replanted in the spring. Perennialism is an educational philosophy that emphasizes the enduring ideas and knowledge that have been passed down through the ages. The goal of education in perennialism is to impart this timeless knowledge to students and to help them develop the intellectual skills and habits of mind necessary to engage with it critically and creatively.

Perennialists believe that education should focus on teaching the classics, the great works of literature, history, and philosophy that have stood the test of time. They believe that these works contain universal truths and ideas that are relevant to all times and places, and that they provide a foundation for understanding the world and the human condition.

https://youtu.be/5DTuk8Acbbo

Progressivism
Progressivism is based on “learning by doing.” Experience is the key factor in a progressivist philosophy. Progressivism is an educational philosophy that emphasizes learning through hands-on experience, problem-solving, and active engagement with the world. The goal of education in progressivism is to prepare students to be effective citizens and to contribute to the improvement of society.

Progressivists believe that education should be student-centered, meaning that it should focus on the needs, interests, and abilities of individual students. They believe that students learn best when they are actively engaged in the learning process, and that the role of the teacher is to facilitate this learning by providing opportunities for exploration, discovery, and reflection.

Essentialism
Essentialism is the educational philosophy that students will be functioning citizens if they learn the three “R’s.” Teaching students “Reading, writing, and arithmatic” will give students the solid foundation that they need to succeed in life. In the essentialist view, education should be teacher-centered, meaning that the teacher is the primary authority figure in the classroom and is responsible for imparting the core knowledge and skills to students. The curriculum should be based on a set of standards or objectives that define what students should learn, and it should be organized in a systematic and sequential manner to ensure that students master each concept before moving on to the next.

Social Reconstructionsim
Social reconstructionism is an educational philosophy that emphasizes the role of education in promoting social change and addressing social inequalities. The goal of education in social reconstructionism is to prepare students to be active and engaged citizens who work to transform society for the better.

The Utah High Quality Instructional Cycle (HQIC)
The HQICis a framework used in Utah schools to guide and improve teaching and learning.

HQIC Components

• Standards and Objectives
  • This component involves setting clear learning objectives aligned with state and district standards. These objectives should be specific, measurable, and relevant to the subject matter.
• Assessment
  • This component involves gathering data on student learning and progress through a variety of formative and summative assessments. This data is used to inform instruction and adjust teaching strategies as needed.
• Instruction
  • This component involves designing and delivering effective instruction using a variety of teaching strategies and methods that are aligned with the learning objectives and student needs.
• Reflection
  • This component involves reflecting on the effectiveness of the instruction and student learning outcomes, and making adjustments to improve teaching practices and student outcomes.
• Collaboration
  • This component involves working collaboratively with other teachers, administrators, and stakeholders to improve teaching practices and student outcomes. Collaboration can include professional development, sharing best practices, and ongoing communication and feedback.
• Leadership
  • This component involves providing leadership and support for the implementation of the HQIC framework within the school or district. This can include providing resources and support for teachers, promoting a culture of continuous improvement, and advocating for the needs of students and teachers.

Vocabulary

Instruction

Teaching methods

Learning activities

Learning outcomes

Curriculum

Lesson plan

Pedagogy

Collaborative learning

Inquiry-based learning

Teaching strategies

Lecture

Cooperative learning

Project-based learning

Flipped classroom

Philosophy of education

Perennialism

Progressivism

Essentialism

Social Reconstructionism

Utah Effective Teaching Standards

HQIC (High Quality Instructional Cycle)

Standards

Objectives