Respiratory System Histology

Objective 4

Describe the histology of the respiratory system.

 

Remember that function denotes structure. This is true of the tissues of the respiratory tract. Tissues vary throughout the respiratory tract to meet specific functions.

Diagram of the respiratory epithelium and mucociliary escalator.

Photomicrograph of the respiratory epithelium.

 

Parts of the pharynx and larynx are lined with stratified squamous epithelium for protection. Most of the conducting portion of the respiratory tract is lined with pseudostratified columnar ciliated cells, also called the respiratory epithelium. This epithelium also contains goblet cells which produce mucus. The mucus and the cilia form the mucocillary escalator which transports foreign particles out of the respiratory tract.

 

Diagram of the rings of cartilage supporting the trachea.

Pen and ink drawing from Gray's Anatomy showing the microscopic layers of the trachea.

 

 

The trachea lies anterior to the esophagus. The trachea is supported by C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage which prevent the trachea from collapsing and blocking the conduction of air.

Smooth muscle lines the bronchi and bronchioles. This is important to control the diameter of the airways. When you’re exercising and gasping for air, the sympathetic nervous system stimulates the bronchi and bronchioles to dilate, allowing the passage of more air into the lungs. When you’re sleeping on the couch after your strenuous workout, the airways constrict under parasympathetic stimulation and secretions increase. Inflammatory conditions such as asthma also cause constriction of the airways, trapping air within the lungs.

 

Diagram showing inflammation in the airways.

Diagram showing the structure of an alveolus.

Diagram of an alveolus focusing on the cell types of the alveolus.

As we move deeper into the respiratory zone, the epithelium changes. Alveoli are lined with two types of epithelium. Type I alveolar cells are simple squamous epithelium. These cells are the site of gas exchange. They are by far the most numerous cell lining the alveoli. The capillaries carrying red blood cells are also lined with a single layer of squamous epithelium. These cells, along with the type I alveolar cells, form the alveolar-capillary (AC) membrane, a thin membrane that allows for easy diffusion of gases. Type II alveolar cells, comprising of simple cuboidal epithelium, secrete surfactant. This is a soap-like substance that decreases surface tension allowing easier inflation of the alveoli and preventing the collapse of alveoli after exhalation. Alveolar macrophages are there for clean up of large particles and invaders.

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Integrated Human Anatomy and Physiology Part 2 Copyright © by Jim Hutchins; Travis Price; Justin Burr; Maddison Johnston; Pamela Silberman; Jeffery Speth; Jordan West; Lyndsey Gremillion; and Misty Allen is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted.

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