Functions of the Renal System

Objective 1

Describe the general functions of the urinary system. List the organs of the urinary system and identify their locations.

 

Table listing the functions of the urinary system.

The renal system is not simply a urinary system (although it’s often called that). It’s not only a waste-removal system; it plays a vital role in maintaining homeostasis. The urinary system assists in controlling the body’s pH, electrolytes, fluid volume, and fluid concentration. The kidneys also produce hormones to regulate red blood cell production and blood calcium levels. A dysfunctional urinary system will have effects on all other systems of the body.

Diagram illustrating the position of the urinary system.

The renal system consists of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. The kidneys are positioned in the abdominal cavity between the posterior abdominal wall and the peritoneum. Because only the anterior aspect is covered by the peritoneum, they are said to be retroperitoneal. The kidneys are located in the area of the inferior thoracic vertebrae (T11- T12) and the superior lumbar vertebrae (L1-L2). They are partially protected by the floating ribs (11-12). Because the liver takes up so much space on the right side, the right kidney is slightly lower than the left.

Photograph of a horizontal section of the human abdomen showing the location of the kidneys.
Notice how the kidneys sit behind the abdominal wall and peritoneum (retroperitoneal). The size of the liver causes the right kidney to sit a little lower than the left kidney.

Extending from each kidney is a ureter. The ureter is a tube, which connects the kidney and the bladder and is also retroperitoneal. Both ureters drain into the bladder.

Diagram showing the male urinary system.

The bladder is a hollow, distensible organ in the pelvic cavity, designed to hold urine until it is voided. The bladder can hold an average of 700-800 ml of urine.

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Integrated Human Anatomy and Physiology Part 2 Copyright © by Jim Hutchins; Travis Price; Justin Burr; Maddison Johnston; Pamela Silberman; Jeffery Speth; Jordan West; Lyndsey Gremillion; and Misty Allen is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted.

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